1. Pretty much true, you should be spending every free, waking daylight hour splitting wood now. Stack it OFF the ground. Get some pallets, and place them on cinderblocks, you want your wood to be 10-14 inches above the ground to ensure faster drying. Also, stack in single rows, perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction to maximize airflow through your splits. And I would recommend only top covering it. See if you can find some sheets of metal or plastic roofing, or hit up a lumber yard for lumber wrap, they will usually give it to you for free. Have some bigger tarps and use them if you're going to get a windy rain storm, and batten down the hatches for that, but top covering will keep 95% of the moisture off the wood while allowing it to get better airflow. Also, buy a moisture meter. You're looking for internal moisture content under 20%. Stick the pins firmly into the face of a split, aligned with the grain, and make sure you are testing a fresh face (i.e. resplit an already split piece and test the area you just exposed).
2. This is false unless you have a very small stove. I burn primarily lodgepole and subalpine fir and have no trouble getting 8 hours of usable heat out of a stove load, and I have ample coals to re-load on for several hours after that, and I don't even have a catalytic stove. Generally though, split your wood small for this year. If you can start working on next year's stack, you can split that larger as it will have 12+ months to season, but given your short seasoning schedule for this winter, split it small. If you want a longer burn, just pack those small splits nice and tight with minimal air gaps between them.
3. I like the house warm and I'm not married, so I can't help you here.
4. Doors closed for sure, wood stoves are vastly more effective than fireplaces for home heating because they do not draw nearly as much room air into the combustion chamber. Running with the doors open negates that benefit.
Is there a ~1 inch gap between that stone and the wood underneath it? If not, I think this setup is too unsafe with regard to clearances to combustibles to operate. You need an air gap for any sort of heat shield, stone has basically 0 R value. Also, what is the distance from your stove pipe to the wooden ceiling where it passes through. It looks like single wall stove pipe, which NEEDS 18 inches between it and anything combustible to be safe. I can't tell if there is a ceiling support box there or not, but given the age of this stove and the way it is set up, but if not, I think it is going to need some work before I would feel comfortable sleeping in the house with the stove running. You really need to familiarize yourself with the NFPA 211 standards, and ensure that your stove meets them. Chimney sweeps are notoriously unfamiliar with code and safe installations, at least here.
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